医学部を目指し、Natureなど科学・医学記事を英語で読む

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 10

一日一題　－－－　10

次の英文の下線部１）、２）、３）を和訳せよ。２）については、itが何を指すか明らかになるように訳すこと。
   The nature and function of medicine has gradually changed over the past century. 1）What was once a largely communicative activity aimed at looking after the sick has become a technical enterprise able to treat them with increasing success. While few would want to give up these technical advances and go back to the past, medicine's traditional caring functions have been left behind as the practices of curing have become more established, and 2)it is criticized now for losing the human touch that made it so helpful to patients even before it knew how to cure them.
   The issue looks simple: human communication versus technique. However, we all know that in medicine it is never easy to separate the two. Research on medical practice shows that a patient's physical condition is often affected by the quality of communication between the doctor and the patient, 3)Even such an elementary form of consideration for the patient as explaining the likely effects of a treatment can have an impact on the outcome. We are also aware that in the cases where medicine still does not offer effective cures the need for old-style care is particularly strong. Hence it is important to remember the communicative dimension of modern medicine.

これで１０題になりました。仕事が立て込んでいるので、週明けまでお休みします。その間、よく復習しておいてください。

鳥取大学医学部学士編入試験２次英語

鳥取大学医学部学士編入試験２次英語

鳥取大学の場合は、一次試験（9/8）には英語がありませんが、2次試験では英語の試験があります。
例年、A4で３ページ半程度の英文に、下線訳（？５）と内容説明、あるいは要約（？１）が求められるようです。（英作文や文法・語法関連の問題はないとのこと）
英文のテーマとしてはそれほど専門的なものではなさそうなので、大学入試問題から医学関連の英文を選んで読み込んでおくことがよいと思います。

昨年の島根の問題
Smoking and inequalities
Machael Marmot
Lancet,29 July 2006  ←無料で読めます。
などは一読の価値があると思います。

8日の一次までは「生物学、化学、物理学などの基礎知識」に専念してください。その間に予想問題を考えておきます。

なお、問題作成に当たっては、受講生から提供された英文とネット上に無料公開されているものを利用します。有料記事については、該当雑誌の購読者のみ利用できます。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 9

一日一題　－－－　9

　次の英文の下線部（1）、（2）を和訳せよ。（1）については，itが何を指すか明らかになるように訳すこと。
   Indeed, in the year 1000 there was no concept of an antiseptic at all. If a piece of food fell off your plate, the advice of one contemporary document was to pick it up, make the sign of the cross over it, salt it well-and then eat it. The sign of the cross was, so to speak, the antiseptic of the year 1000. The person who dropped his food on the floor knew that he was taking some sort of risk when he picked it up and put it in his mouth, but he trusted in his faith. Today we have faith in modern medicine, though (1)few of us can claim much personal knowledge of how it actually works. (2)We also know that the ability to combat quite major illnesses can be affected by what we call " a positive state of mind " --- what the Middle Ages experienced as " faith ".

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 8

　一日一題　－－－　8

　Natureで読んだ要約記事の本論文を入手するために、著者に直接メールを送ることしにました。日本語の部分を英語に直してみましょう。

Dear Dr. Potter

I was very interested to read your article, “The Growing Inaccessibility of Science,” which appeared in Nature (Volume 448, Number 7155, pp.732-733). I seems to me, however, that 1.(この記事はより詳細な研究論文の要約という性格ものである). I would be most grateful to you, therefore, 2.(先生のオリジナルのご論文全文をお送りいただければ)。

Hoping that this will cause you too much trouble, 3.(ご都合のよろしいときにお返事をいただくことを心よりお持ちしております).

Thank you.

Sincerely yours,

Koichi Shioya [email protected]
Robagoya-juku Institute of English

新ブログ『Natureを読んで英語の基礎固め！』始動

Natureの英語を読みつつ、英語の基本を確認することに焦点を絞ったブログ『Natureを読んで英語の基礎固め！』を開始しました。『難関大突破のために、Harry Potterを読む！』とあわせて利用していただければ、英語を読むのに必要な文法、語法、語彙についての知識がどんどん増えてゆきます。

http://roba.typepad.jp/nature_jr/

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 7

一日一題　---　７
先日の岡山大学の学士編入試験からの抜粋です。第二段落の下線部とBox1のEssential criteriaを日本語に訳してみてください。

   Euthanasia for newborn babies with lethal and disabling conditions is illegal worldwide. However, in reality its acceptance and practice vary between different countries. In the Netherlands, about 200 000 live births occur annually; of these, 10-20 babies—- mostly with severe congenital malformations—- are thought to be actively killed, yet between 1997 and 2004 only 22 such deaths were reported to the authorities.
   To regulate neonatal euthanasia, clinicians in the Netherlands have argued that all cases should be reported. In collaboration with lawyers, they have developed and subsequently published guidance, which defines criteria that must be fulfilled before euthanasia can be considered and which would subsequently be examined by the statutory legal authorities (see box 1). Doctors who follow this guidance are not guaranteed freedom from prosecution, but to date no paediatrician in the Netherlands has been prosecuted.

Box１: Essential criteria to be considered in neonatal euthanasia
*The diagnosis must be accurate and the prognosis hopeless
*The baby’s quality of life must be poor and he or she must be experiencing unbearable suffering despite optimal treatment
*Both parents must give informed consent
*An independent doctor must agree with the decision
*Euthanasia must be carried out to an accepted medical standard

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ ６

一日一題　---　６

暑いのでやさしい基礎的な問題にします。誤りの理由も考えてください。なお、これは昨年の新潟大学医学部学士編入試験の問題です。新潟大の場合は全体平易なので高得点が求められると思います。

（0）の例にならって下線部（1）～（5）に含まれている誤りを正しなさい。

   I am writing to complain about two DVDs I bought recently from your company on the Internet and about how I was treated by a member of staff(0) when I phone to complain.
   Firstly, I ordered them on 6th January and I was promised (1) they arrive in three days but they weren't sent to me for over two weeks. Then, when they arrived and I opened the box, (2) I was shocked seeing that one of them was broken, as they clearly hadn't been packaged properly.
   Secondly, when I phoned to complain, I was very disappointed by (3) the way which I was treated. (4) The member of staff who I spoke was extremely rude and did not offer me any form of refund or replacement.
   I would be grateful if you could send me a replacement DVD (Kill Bill 2) as soon as possible, or if this is not possible, I would like a full refund of my money. Thank you for (5) your help this matter.

例 : (0) when I phone to complain. → when I phoned to complain
(1) they arrive →
(2) I was shocked seeing →
(3) the way which I was treated →
(4) The member of staff who I spoke →
(5) your help this matter →

速報！岡山大学医学部学士編入試験

まだ、問題をよく読んではいませんが、とりあえず皆さんが持ち寄ってくださった情報をアップさせていただきます。

8月21日実施、岡山大学医学部学士編入試験

１．"Robotic Surgery - Squeezing into Tight Places"
NEJMのVolume 354:2099-2101 May 18, 2006 Number 20

Back in the 1980s, the rationale for building a surgical robot was the stuff of science fiction. Intent on providing "a doctor in every foxhole," military strategists envisioned a severely wounded soldier being loaded into a battlefield ambulance equipped with a robot so that a surgeon at a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, or MASH unit, miles away could perform life-saving telesurgery to prevent exsanguination or some other physiological catastrophe.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/354/20/2099

1."a similar vision"とは何か？日本語で説明する。
2.Robotic surgeryで何ができるようになったか？日本語で書く。
3."Operation Lindbergh"とは何かを日本語で書く。
4.Robotic surgeryの問題点を日本語で書く。
5.文章の要約を英語で、300語程度で書く。

２．"Euthanasia in neonates:Should it be available?”BMJ , 5 may 2007, Volume 334

Euthanasia for newborn babies with lethal and disabling conditions is illegal worldwide. However, in reality its acceptance and practice vary between different countries.1 In the Netherlands, about 200 000 live births occur annually; of these, 10-20 babies—mostly with severe congenital malformations—are thought to be actively killed, yet between 1997 and 2004 only 22 such deaths were reported to the authorities.2
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7600/912

1.英語のタイトルをつける。
2.筆者の専門分野（選択肢からの選択）。
3.イギリス小児科学会の新生児のEuthanasiaに関する見解を日本語でまとめる。
4.文中のdutch recommendationとは何か。
5.このテーマについて自分の考えを300語以内の英語で書く。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 5

一日一題（５）

下線部(a)、(b)を日本語に訳しなさい

   Exercise and caffeine combine to fight skin cancer, researchers say. (a)Mice that mix the stimulant with daily running fight the cell damage caused by ultraviolet light better than animals that merely run or drink caffeine-laced water.
   "We think the caffeine is doing considerably more than exercise alone," says Allan Conney, a biologist at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey who led the study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
   (b)Skin cancers triggered by sunlight, such as squamous cell carcinoma, are the most common cancers in the United States, responsible for more than 1 million cases a year, according to the American Cancer Society.

squamous cell carcinoma扁平上皮癌.

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