医学部を目指し、Natureなど科学・医学記事を英語で読む

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 20

hiccoughは「しゃっくり」。ただし、以下の文章は「しゃっくり」としたのでは意味がでてきません。以下の『ハリーポッターと炎のゴブレット』の場面を読み取ってください。
"Arthur, old man," he puffed as he reached the campfire, "what a day, eh? What a day! Could we have asked for more perfect weather? A cloudless night coming ...and hardly a hiccough in the arrangements.... Not much for me to do!"

以下は、「医学」とは関係がないけれど、一読しておいてください。
You don't want to go showing Mr. Bagman rubbish like that...
一粒で二度おいしい例文。ただしくだけた表現。
don't want toは、「...したくない」ではなく、「...しないほうがいい」の意味。
go showingは、go shoppingなどとは別で、通例否定の命令文で「...するな」と非難をこめていう場合につかう。ここは、
Don't go showing Mr. Bagman rubbish like that...という意味。それをYou don't want to go showingということで、「...しないほうがいい」という表現になっている。単なる命令文より、目下のものへの物言い、というニュアンスがあるのかもしれない。

一区切りをつける最後になる課題に上記のものを選んだのは、自分の知識の範囲では対応できない場合にどう対処するかを常に課題にしてほしいという気持ちからです。医学部学士編入試験といっても、合否を分けるのはどれだけ基礎ができているか否かにあることを実感しています。来年をにらんで何より重視すべきは、高尚な知識ではなく、基礎の反復徹底です。基礎を勉強するから受験参考書を復習しよう、というのはあまり賢い選択ではありません。医学・科学系雑誌や記事の英文にある基礎事項をきちっと確認してゆくことを常に心がけることをお薦めします。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 19

なぜ、“It's unbelievable.”と言ったのか。こう発言するに至る事情を具体的に説明しなさい。

Mike Zaremba, an operations manager for a software company in Denver, was desperate and searching. His dog Nakota, a three-year-old Siberian Husky, was in severe and chronic pain and could barely walk after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery in February failed to achieve the desired result. The dog would hide in different parts of the house, he always had his head down, and he couldn't walk without limping severely. “The surgery went as well as it could have, so another surgery wasn't an option,” says Zaremba. “But Nakota just wasn't healing. He was really suffering. I wanted so badly to help him, but I had run out of options.”
When Zaremba's veterinarian told him about a new procedure in which Nakota's own fat-derived stem cells could be used to expedite the ligament's healing, Zaremba was skeptical but willing to try it. Within a few weeks after the minimally invasive procedure, Nakota was back to running long distances and jumping into the car with no visible sign of pain. “He's just like his old self again,” Zaremba says. “It's unbelievable.”

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 前十字靱帯
expedite〈仕事などを〉手早く片付ける[処理する].
invasive procedure侵襲的手技

全文は　→　http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20759068/site/newsweek/　

9月のNEJMの無料記事

NEJMの9月6日号、今月30日で期限切れになるSCHIPの再承認をめぐって議論になっている問題をPerspectiveで取り上げています。

Reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), which was considered a routine matter until recently because of the program's success in expanding coverage to children of the working poor, has become embroiled in a larger struggle over ideologies that divide the political parties.

http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/357/10/957

以下も無料記事です。
Sidelining Safety — The FDA's Inadequate Response to the IOM

Having been commissioned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to evaluate the U.S. drug-safety system, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a report, The Future of Drug Safety, in September 2006 identifying weaknesses in the laws, regulations, resources, and practice of ensuring drug safety.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/357/10/960

10月以降

一日一題も18回になりました。9月末までに20まで続けたいと思います。

10月からは、学部試験に焦点をあわせた問題を、基礎的なものからアップしてゆくるもりでいるのですが、このブログは「学士編入」の方が中心になっているようなので、基本的な問題、医学部学部試験対策などは、以下で行いたいと思います。

Natureを読んで英語の基礎固め！
http://roba.typepad.jp/nature_jr/

大学入試対策情報(驢馬小屋塾英語研究所）
http://roba.typepad.jp/univ/

学士編入の受験予定者の中にも基礎力に不安を感じている方が多くいらっしゃると思います。10分程度で基礎の確認をやってゆきますので、ご利用ください。なお、現在『大学入試対策情報(驢馬小屋塾英語研究所）』では英作文をやっております。一日３題～５題程度です。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 18

次の英文を読んで，下記の問いに答えなさい。

Editorial

Biotechnology has finally arrived. This statement expresses the long-standing excitement for biotech. (1)Supporters point to the past 30 years of biological discoveries, insights into the human genome, and novel chemical methods that have produced a wide range of drugs. But many believe that biotechnology has yet to mature, and that future advances will require a new type of scientist, a scientist with multiple skills and diverse training to tackle increasingly complicated problems. Universities across the world, eager to take advantage of biotech's popularity, have started major academic programs promoting collaboration and education of students in life sciences, physical sciences, and engineering. （２）Research and education combining different fields have become a top priority.

  But are these efforts misdirected? Are these new educational programs well-designed and guided by a set of fundamental principles? And how effective can such programs be if a deep gap exists between the fields? Are we doing a disservice to students who would do better mastering one field than spreading their skills across multiple fields? The academic world has come restless and impulsive, competing for research money and the best students. Long-term vision has been replaced by short-term goals.

１．  下線部（１）を日本語に訳しなさい。

２．  下線部（２）の現状になっているなかで、問題点、課題として筆者はどのように言っていますか。文にそくして具体的にまとめなさい。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 17

正誤問題です。

次の各文の誤りを見つけ、訂正しなさい(訂正は最小限に)。

(1) I’ve been studying Russian for a year now, and I know a lot of Russian words, but not much grammars

(2) I was so exhausted from lack of sleepy that I could hardly work.

(3) He might not be handsome, but he is one of the most intelligent man I’ve met in my life.

(4) Almost of the people at the meeting agreed with John’s proposal, but there were some who felt it was too expensive.

(5) We seldom eat Matsuzaka beefs since it’s so expensive, but we do have it on occasion.

(6) My first impulse was to refuse his offer, but after think it over, I decided to accept it.

(7) Japan now products more automobiles than any other country in the world, including the United States.

(9) Almost all the people in the town believe if it were not for the government’s financial aid the stadium could not have been built.

(8) I clearly remember to meet her somewhere before, but I just can’t recall where.

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 16

以下の会話文を読んで、以下の設問に答えなさい。

Daniel: Hey, Rob. What’s up?

Robert: Hey, Dan. Well, I’m all right except for one thing.

Daniel: What’s that?

Robert: You know Julia’s birthday is coming up soon?

Daniel: I know. 1)She’s the same sign as me. She’s a June baby.

Robert:: That’s right. This is her first birthday since se started dating and I’ve been thinking what I should give her.

Daniel: It has been almost three months, hasn’t it? Time does 2)     .

Robert: She’s a bit different from the other girls I’ve known. and, 3)in a way, that’s why I like her. But that’s also why I don’t know what might please her.

Daniel: Don’t tell me that you’re not sure what your girlfriend likes! you should know by now, after three months!

Robert: I know. But she has so many hobbies and interests. And she always keeps up with the latest news! She likes reading but when I tell her about a new book she might like, 4)she always seems to have a copy already. Also she’s a good writer. she won the first prize in a national short contest last year. I’m not confident that I can give her a book which will suit her literary taste.

Daniel: (Smiling) Yeah, yeah. If I were you, I would feel the same way. Also you can’t please her with flowers.

Robert: Exactly. 5)She prefer growing flowers to being given them. She gave me a beautiful bouquet of flowers she had grown for my birthday.

Daniel: Yellow roses, right? Were you impressed?

Robert: Well, of course. I was very flattered but also rather amazed.

Daniel: Hmmm.

Robert: 6)I’m more into rock music, but it’s not her cup of tea. She’s on the classical side. So 7)the idea of buying her a CD is out.

Daniel: Wait a minute. It might not be. Try some modern Argentine music.

Robert: Argentine music?

Daniel: She’s very interested in modern Argentine history and literature. Also she’s 8)keen on world music, at least she was three months ago.

Robert: But world music is not my thing …

Daniel: Hold on. How about the latest album of Juana Molina or Fernande Kabusacki? Ｉ know she has a couple of their CDs.

Robert: How do you know so much about Julia?

Daniel: Gosh! 9)I should have told you, shouldn’t I? Do you remember my telling you that I broke up with my girlfriend three months ago?

Robert: Yes. You were so down at the time. The girl left you, didn’t she?

Daniel: Well, that was Julia. I’m sorry, I just couldn’t tell you at the time. I was a bit shocked when you two started going out together, but 10)now I think it’s all for the best. She was great but too good for me, You know. 11)I couldn’t live up to her expectations.

Robert: 12)Well, perhaps in three month’ time I’ll be saying the same thing.

設問：

１．２）,8)を除く、下線部１）～１２）までを会話の雰囲気が伝わるように日本語にしてください。

２．下線部２）には、入るのに適当な一語を書きなさい。

3.  下線部８）について、同じような意味になるように文中の別の一語で言い換えてください。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 15

学士編入試験対策　一日一題　－－－　15　[制限時間20分]

次の英文を読み、下の問いに答えなさい。

A well-known difference between the human being and other organisms is that the human being knows it is going to die, and gives this event a significance.  This significance is an important moment within the human being’s individual and cultural self-understanding. (1)A look at Jewish tradition shows that the “last breath” was sometimes counted as being the moment of death, but it is also noted that the absence of spontaneous respiration does not in itself determine death. Western medicine concentrated on the heart: for a long time, the moment of death was defined as cardiac arrest. It is a characteristic of our culture that, with secularization and scientification, religion has increasingly been replaced by medicine as the authoritative body in matters of death. Amongst other things, (2)this medicalization of death gives rise to a remarkable dynamism of interpretation. The brain death definition is the last interpretation of death put forward by medical science. (3)The “brain death criteria” assume that a human being is “dead” when its entire brain has irreversibly ceased to function. This new definition of human death should be viewed with the progress which has been made within the field of intensive care in mind.

（１）        下線部（１）を日本語に直しなさい。

（２）        下線部（２）はどういう事態を意味しているのか、日本語で説明しなさい。

（３）        下線部（３）を日本語に直しなさい。

（４）        人間とその他の生物との違いについて著者はどのように述べているか、日本語で答えなさい。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 14

たまには英作文も。長いわりには書きやすいですね。

医者にかかるというのは「より健康に長生きするチャンスをつかむ」ということだ。そのためにも、こちらが「よい患者」にならなくてはならない。よい患者とは自分自身が意欲を持って「治ろう」と本気で取り組む人のことだ。まず、自分の状態をきちんと把握し、医者に病状を理解してもらうことが大切だ。そうすれば、的確な治療が受けられる。ひいては自分のためなのだ。

Michael Moore's Sicko

Michael Moore's Sicko

NEJMでMichael Mooreの映画Sickoが取り上げられています（無料記事）。同雑誌では、ブッシュ政権下の「健康保険制度」の改革案について取り上げていました。合わせ読んでみるとよいと思います。

Healing Our Sicko Health Care System
Jacob S. Hacker, Ph.D.

[Extract]
There is a scene in Sicko — Michael Moore's controversial new film about U.S. health care — that captures both the power and the limits of Moore's cinematic polemic. A mother is speaking about her 18-month-old daughter, Mychelle, who became ill one evening with vomiting, diarrhea, and a high fever. At the nearest emergency room, Mychelle is treated by a physician who suspects, rightly, that she has a life-threatening bacterial infection. But rather than give her antibiotics, the doctor calls her insurer, whose physician-gatekeeper tells him that Mychelle is not covered at the hospital and must be taken to another...
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