医学部を目指し、Natureなど科学・医学記事を英語で読む

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 4

  I love to nap. When after-lunch grogginess hits and my eyelids start to droop, nothing makes me happier than finding a comfortable spot and drifting off to sleep for half an hour. But to my wife, my napping is the sign of a basic character flaw. "You're napping again? I can't believe how lazy you are!"
   It's a misguided attitude. １）As a species, we seem designed to nap. Sleep researchers have long known that our natural circadian rhythms* show two distinct dips* in energy and alertness. The major dip starts in the late evening, helping us get ready for a good night's sleep. But there's another significant dip in the early afternoon that, in a saner world, would have us all dropping off. From an evolutionary point of view, this pattern makes some sense - our ancestors evolved in the tropics, where a desire to sleep during the hottest part of the day probably helped ensure survival.
   Sleep researcher Claudio Stampi, founder of the Chronobiology Research Institute in Boston, thinks the tendency to nap might have an even deeper meaning. It could be the remnant of ancient (2)"polyphasic sleep" - a sleep pattern with no long nighttime sleep but lots of short naps throughout the day and night. Many animals sleep this way, as well as newborn babies. If Stampi is right, there was a time when our pre-human ancestors slept only in naps. Still, by the time we were fully human, about 100.000 years ago. we had probably settled into getting our sleep in two major chunks: the big one at night, with a smaller chunk during the day. Modern hunter gatherers, whose lifestyle is closest to that of early humans, tend to be big on afternoon snoozing.
[語句ノート]　circadian rhythms*24時間周期リズム　 dips*低下

１．下線部(1)を日本語に直しなさい

２．下線部(2)"polyphasic sleep" はどんな「眠り」か、文に即して説明しない。

８月２５日（土）東海大オープンキャンパス

東海大学医学部編入試験の過去問題は、進学相談会・ｵｰﾌﾟﾝｷｬﾝﾊﾟｽで入手可能です。来る２５日が入試に間に合う最終チャンスだと思われます。前日までの「予約制」ということなので、以下のサイトでご確認ください。

http://kyogaku.ihs.u-tokai.ac.jp/homepage/hennyu.html

なお、『直前対策』をご希望の方は、お問い合わせください。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 3

今年の旭川医大の出題英文からの抜粋です。下線部のcompassionについて、文に即して説明してください。

So, much of the compassion of the West is what some Buddhists call idiot compassion. This is compassion that sees the evil afflicting others as something distinct from the everyday situation of the person feeling compassion. It is a form of degenerate compassion and perhaps more accurately described as pity. Pity is a self-regarding feeling, where the objects or pity are viewed from the secure vantage point of the pitier. The pitier gives some aｌms* or watches a Live Aid concert on the television. The truly compassionate have the desire lo change the situation - compassion is an intentional state. We cannot have compassion without the desire to alleviate* the suffering.

afflict―vt. ひどく苦しめる、悩ます
distinct―adj. はっきりと識別［区別］できる、異なった、
degenerate ―adj.  悪化した、堕落した、退化した
self-regard―n. 自愛
vantage―n.1 見晴らしの良い地点、有利、優越、優勢な地位、利益
alms―n. 〈古〉施し物
intentional―adj. 意図的な、故意による、計画的な◆
alleviate―vt. ～を軽減する、和らげる、緩和する、楽にする

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 2

今日は、グラフの説明の仕方です。まずは穴埋め問題から。

(A) Look at the graph and read the paragraphs below it about the unemployment rate in Japan. Fill in the blank spaces (1)-(5) with the most appropriate words from the list (A)-(J) on the next page. Write the correct letters on your answer sheet. No word should be used more than once.

Unemployment Rate in Japan

 

(source: Web Japan Gateway for All Japanese Information at http://web-japan.org/stat/index.html)

   The graph indicates that from the early 1990s, it became more and more difficult for people to find jobs in Japan. Unemployment was at its ( 1 ) in 1990 and 1991: around 2.1 percent. Since then, however, it rose ( 2 ). In fact, the unemployment rate in 2002 was more than double that of 1990.
   Unemployment may have begun ( 3 ) as a direct result of Japan's economic bubble bursting nearly fifteen years ago. In addition, these days many young people want to have more free time and are not interested in looking for jobs. In 2003, the economy in Japan seemed to be getting better, so perhaps that is why the unemployment rate dropped. However, some people ( 4 ) that if the economy does not continue to ( 5 ),by the year 2010 more than 10 percent of the Japanese population could be out of work.

(A) highest   (B) lowest   (C) get worse  (D) believe (E) rising    (F) considerably
(G) improve   (H) hope (I) occasionally (J) falling

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ １

どこの大学の学士編入試験を想定しているわけではありませんが、受講生の勉強の休憩時間の力試し、という意図で一日一題のペースで、英文、英作文問題をアップしてゆきます。

8月22日課題

（A）As researchers have explored the environmental and inherited causes of common diseases, they have often amassed clinical and laboratory data collected from people with common complex disorders. Many have also collected biologic material, including DNA. These resources represent an essential component for ferreting out genes relevant to disease with the use of the genome-wide association study. This method entails the matching of a given human genome sequence with an annotated, high-resolution map of common genetic variation; it benefits from a large collection of DNA samples obtained from a population whose clinical characteristics are well defined, as well as cost-effective genotyping and sophisticated statistical analysis. With all these components now in place, genome-wide association studies are contributing to our understanding of diseases to which there is a genetic predisposition. （B）Early successes include the identification of genes associated with age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, and abnormal cardiac repolarization intervals. A more recent success is the identification of four loci associated with type 2 diabetes; one of these loci contains a gene (TCF7L2) that had been previously implicated in this disease, and a second locus includes the SLC30A8 gene that is expressed only in insulin-producing beta cells.¹ 

amass―蓄える、蓄積する、寄せ集める、収集する

ferret out―2 （事実などを）探し出す

entail― ～を伴う、必要とする、引

population―n. 3 母集団4

cost-effective―adj. 費用効率が高い、費用に対し最も効率の良い、費用効果がある、費用効果的な、コスト効率の良い、割りのいい、割りがいい、割が良い

genotype―n. 遺伝子型―vt. 遺伝子型を特定する

genome-wide全ゲノムの

predisposition―n. 傾向、性質、たち、素因

macular degeneration黄斑変性（症）m

myocardial infarction心筋梗塞〔症〕

abnormal cardiac異常な心

repolarization(n)再分極【基医】　

abnormal cardiac repolarization intervals　異常な心再分極間隔

loci <  locus(n)位置；遺伝子座；座；座位；部位【基医；物理】_

implicate―関係させる、加担させる、関係していると見なす

1.下線部（A）を日本語に訳しなさい。

２．下線部（B）Early successesを日本語で説明しないさい。

Harry Potterの単語から---2

こんなものもありました。形容詞と副詞の違いはありますが・・・。映画を見た人はイメージがしやすいかもしれません。鹿児島大はこの単語に「注」をつけています。

Standing still and quiet in the gathering gloom, the creatures looked eerie and sinister.
[The Order of Phoenix, p.197]

Whether it is an eerily human bot in a virtual-reality game, an animal looking at you with soulful eyes or a patient in a vegetative state, the question nags and nags and won't go away: is there a thinking, self-aware, conscious mind in there?
[今回の「鹿児島大」の問題の冒頭]

Harry Potterの単語から

河合塾『医学部の受験の単語』に収録されていて、日常的な単語なのですが、いわゆる「受験単語」とは言えないものでHarry Potter and the goblet of fireでつかわれている単語をピックアップしてみました。いくつ分かりますか？

buttock
"What happened?" said Harry. "What's the matter?"
But Dudley didn't seem able to speak. Hands still clamped over his buttocks, he waddled as fast as he could into the kitchen.

navel
It happened immediately: Harry felt as though a hook just behind his navel had been suddenly jerked irresistibly forward.

torso　(chest,arm,head)
It was a head . . . now a chest and arms . . .the torso of Cedric Diggory.

forehead
If it hadn't been for Voldemort, Harry would not have had the lightning scar on his forehead. If it hadn't been for Voldemort, Harry would still have had parents...

fist
For Harry had just hit himself in the forehead with his fist, jolting Hedwig out of his lap.

scratch,bump
Mr. Ollivander ran his fingers along the wand, apparently checking for scratches
or bumps;

broil
Goyle bellowed and put his hands to his nose, where great ugly boils were springing up -

bleeding
He looked down at his leg. It was bleeding
freely.

faint
The man between them looked as though he was about to faint, and Harry couldn't blame him ...

fit, seizure
Frank thought he must be having some sort of fit or seizure.

島根・新潟対策ライティング---２

続きです。１９が日本語の部分を英訳する問題。

16.      彼の最高血圧(systolic blood pressure)は普通130で、コレステロール値(cholesterol level)は１５０から２００の間である。

17.       医師は彼女に体重を減らし血圧を少なくても１４０まで下げ、コレステロール値を２４０から１７０のレベルにまで下げるために何かするように務めなさいと警告した。

18.       彼は極端に太りすぎであるが、それを何とかしようという努力をまったくしていない。

19. In many cases, the causes of hypertension are not known. Yet certain risk factors have been linked to its cause.  The following risk factors cannot be changed.

Genetic traits: 高血圧の家計の人は、高血圧になる危険性が高い。

Age:　高血圧の危険性は年齢とともに高くなる。

Race:　55歳から64歳の白人アメリカ人で高血圧の人は２５％であるに対し、同じ年齢の黒人の半数近くは高血圧である。

Sex:　一般的に、男性の方が女性よりも若いうちに血圧が高くなる危険性が大きい。

20.　近年、この病気はApo－E4と呼ばれる遺伝子の存在に関係していることを研究者たちはつきとめたが、この遺伝子が必ずしもアルツハイマー病の発病の引き金になるわけではない。

島根、新潟対策ライティング

基本的な和文英訳からはじめます。学士編入予定者だけでなく、医学部一般入試の人も基礎力確認の意味でやってみてください。メールあるいはフォームから解答を送ってもらえれば添削後、コメントをつけて返送します。

以下の文を英語に直しなさい。

１．この薬を必ず飲んでください

２．舌を見せてください。

３．糖分を多量に取ることは避けてください。

４．病気になって始めて健康のありがたさがわかる。

５．これは大切な処置だとお子さんに説明してもらえますか。

６．体温をはかりますよ。

７．お子さんはどこが悪いようですか。

８．予約はいつとれますか。

９．具合がよくなかったら、遠慮なく来てください。

１０．彼の患者に血液検査を行ったところ、２７％の人がHIV陽性(HIV-positive)であることが分かった。

11.コーヒーブレイクは、私たちにくつろぎのひと時を与えてくれる。

12. 研究によるとコーヒーはまた健康上の恩恵をもたらしてくれるというのだ。

13.コーヒーを飲む前の正答数を１００とすると、飲んだ後のスコアは１０２～１０９にあがった。

14.一杯のコーヒーを飲むことによって使われるカロリーは2分間のジョギングに匹敵するという。

15. ダイエット中の人が運動や食事の後でコーヒーを飲むというのはいいことである。

（なお、5月から数ヶ月間フォームの記述に間違えがあり、失礼したしました。現状では大丈夫だと思いますが、いくつかのサーバーにミラーがあるので、場合によってはまだ問題が残っているかもしれません。数日しても反応がない場合には、メールで確認してください。「メールを送信 」のアドレスがもっとも確実です）