医学部を目指し、Natureなど科学・医学記事を英語で読む

7月確認テスト（一部）について

「７月確認テスト」の答案をチェックして感じたことを書いてみます。ご参考に。

出典は、以下。
"Modern Montana"
Collapse. How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
by Jared Diamond, Ph.D.
http://www.enotalone.com/article/6703.html

設問
１．下線部１）he told me how it had fitted into the story of his life　itを明らかにしつつ、分かりやすい日本語にしなさい。
it=second house
the story of his life=一生の記(来歴,逸話)
文書を読めば分かりますが、'he'は、このあと自分の話を始めるのです。そういう文の流れをまったく読まない、という答案が実に多かった。英文を読む姿勢を検証すべきでしょう。医学部学士受験者で、何度の失敗する人の特徴でもありますが、「自分は」という意識が強すぎて、思考の柔軟性にかけている場合が多々あります。

２．下線部２）itは何を指すか、日本語で説明しなさい。
省略。

３． 下線部3)really got into it　どういうことか、分かりやすく日本語にしなさい。
So I started fly-fishing to catch bass. I learned how to tie my own flies, 3)really got into it, and went fishing every day after work.
の文の流れで読めば、「fly-fishingにはまった」という意味合いは出来るはず。さすがにこれが読めなかったのは少数派です。

４．下線部4)So I took up trout-fishing.「私」はどうしたのか。
これまで、fly-fishingでbassを釣っていたのだから、今度は「トラウト釣りを始めた」ということ。これも出来はよかったです。

５．下線部5)those were the only occasions when he didn't frown at my taking time off from work in the laboratory　thoseを明示しつつ、日本語にしなさい。
theseは、「魚釣りに行くこと」。ただ、以下の日本語が曖昧な答案もかなりあった。結局、「どう訳そうか」にまず神経がいって、このsupervisorがどんな振る舞いをしたかを想像しないのですね。

６．下線部6)Fiftieth birthdays make many of us reflect on what we want to do with what's left of our lives.　分かりやすく日本語にしなさい。
いわゆる「無生物主語」の文章。「５０歳の誕生日を迎えると、我々の多くは　．．．」

７．下線部7)That felt like very few times to do something that I enjoyed so much. The realization made me start thinking about how I could spend more of my time doing what I really liked during the years that I had left, including fly-fishing.　文頭のThatを明示しつつ、下線部全文を日本語にしなさい。
まずthatが正確にとらえられていないものがいくつかあった。年に３回であと８年だから、３×８＝２４。これは２４年というのには唖然とした。当然そのあとのtimesが曖昧になる。これを「時間」とやちゃうわけ。名詞の「数」が意識されていない。

８． 下線部8)It filled me with a sense of peace, and with an extraordinary perspective on my place in the world.　Itを明示して、分かりやすく日本語にしなさい。
an extraordinary perspectiveとmy placeが捉えにくいようだった。文章全体を踏まえないとすっきりイメージできない。
読み取るべきキーワードは、stressful。

９．[  (9)  ]に適語を入れなさい。省略

１０．下線部10)I returned the next summer with the intention of spending two weeks, and I ended up staying a month. The summer after that, I came intending to stay a month and ended up staying for the whole summer, at the end of which my wife and I bought a house in the valley.　二重下線部をしっかり訳しこんで、全体を日本語にしなさい。
時間軸がズレなければ、問題ないと思います。
my wifeが出てくると「おっ、再婚している！」
It filled me with a sense of peace, and with an extraordinary perspective on my place in the world.
も、この（再婚、あるいは新しい恋人の）事実が関係しているのかもしれない。

11. [ 11)spend ]適当な形にしなさい。省略

「確認テスト」は、医学、科学、医療問題から少しはなれて、ある程度情感のある平易な英文を味わいながら、英語の基礎力を確認することが狙いです。

「８月確認テスト」参加希望者は、連絡してください。Web講座に登録されていない方は、まず登録を。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 20

hiccoughは「しゃっくり」。ただし、以下の文章は「しゃっくり」としたのでは意味がでてきません。以下の『ハリーポッターと炎のゴブレット』の場面を読み取ってください。
"Arthur, old man," he puffed as he reached the campfire, "what a day, eh? What a day! Could we have asked for more perfect weather? A cloudless night coming ...and hardly a hiccough in the arrangements.... Not much for me to do!"

以下は、「医学」とは関係がないけれど、一読しておいてください。
You don't want to go showing Mr. Bagman rubbish like that...
一粒で二度おいしい例文。ただしくだけた表現。
don't want toは、「...したくない」ではなく、「...しないほうがいい」の意味。
go showingは、go shoppingなどとは別で、通例否定の命令文で「...するな」と非難をこめていう場合につかう。ここは、
Don't go showing Mr. Bagman rubbish like that...という意味。それをYou don't want to go showingということで、「...しないほうがいい」という表現になっている。単なる命令文より、目下のものへの物言い、というニュアンスがあるのかもしれない。

一区切りをつける最後になる課題に上記のものを選んだのは、自分の知識の範囲では対応できない場合にどう対処するかを常に課題にしてほしいという気持ちからです。医学部学士編入試験といっても、合否を分けるのはどれだけ基礎ができているか否かにあることを実感しています。来年をにらんで何より重視すべきは、高尚な知識ではなく、基礎の反復徹底です。基礎を勉強するから受験参考書を復習しよう、というのはあまり賢い選択ではありません。医学・科学系雑誌や記事の英文にある基礎事項をきちっと確認してゆくことを常に心がけることをお薦めします。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 19

なぜ、“It's unbelievable.”と言ったのか。こう発言するに至る事情を具体的に説明しなさい。

Mike Zaremba, an operations manager for a software company in Denver, was desperate and searching. His dog Nakota, a three-year-old Siberian Husky, was in severe and chronic pain and could barely walk after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery in February failed to achieve the desired result. The dog would hide in different parts of the house, he always had his head down, and he couldn't walk without limping severely. “The surgery went as well as it could have, so another surgery wasn't an option,” says Zaremba. “But Nakota just wasn't healing. He was really suffering. I wanted so badly to help him, but I had run out of options.”
When Zaremba's veterinarian told him about a new procedure in which Nakota's own fat-derived stem cells could be used to expedite the ligament's healing, Zaremba was skeptical but willing to try it. Within a few weeks after the minimally invasive procedure, Nakota was back to running long distances and jumping into the car with no visible sign of pain. “He's just like his old self again,” Zaremba says. “It's unbelievable.”

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 前十字靱帯
expedite〈仕事などを〉手早く片付ける[処理する].
invasive procedure侵襲的手技

全文は　→　http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20759068/site/newsweek/　

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 18

次の英文を読んで，下記の問いに答えなさい。

Editorial

Biotechnology has finally arrived. This statement expresses the long-standing excitement for biotech. (1)Supporters point to the past 30 years of biological discoveries, insights into the human genome, and novel chemical methods that have produced a wide range of drugs. But many believe that biotechnology has yet to mature, and that future advances will require a new type of scientist, a scientist with multiple skills and diverse training to tackle increasingly complicated problems. Universities across the world, eager to take advantage of biotech's popularity, have started major academic programs promoting collaboration and education of students in life sciences, physical sciences, and engineering. （２）Research and education combining different fields have become a top priority.

  But are these efforts misdirected? Are these new educational programs well-designed and guided by a set of fundamental principles? And how effective can such programs be if a deep gap exists between the fields? Are we doing a disservice to students who would do better mastering one field than spreading their skills across multiple fields? The academic world has come restless and impulsive, competing for research money and the best students. Long-term vision has been replaced by short-term goals.

１．  下線部（１）を日本語に訳しなさい。

２．  下線部（２）の現状になっているなかで、問題点、課題として筆者はどのように言っていますか。文にそくして具体的にまとめなさい。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 17

正誤問題です。

次の各文の誤りを見つけ、訂正しなさい(訂正は最小限に)。

(1) I’ve been studying Russian for a year now, and I know a lot of Russian words, but not much grammars

(2) I was so exhausted from lack of sleepy that I could hardly work.

(3) He might not be handsome, but he is one of the most intelligent man I’ve met in my life.

(4) Almost of the people at the meeting agreed with John’s proposal, but there were some who felt it was too expensive.

(5) We seldom eat Matsuzaka beefs since it’s so expensive, but we do have it on occasion.

(6) My first impulse was to refuse his offer, but after think it over, I decided to accept it.

(7) Japan now products more automobiles than any other country in the world, including the United States.

(9) Almost all the people in the town believe if it were not for the government’s financial aid the stadium could not have been built.

(8) I clearly remember to meet her somewhere before, but I just can’t recall where.

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 16

以下の会話文を読んで、以下の設問に答えなさい。

Daniel: Hey, Rob. What’s up?

Robert: Hey, Dan. Well, I’m all right except for one thing.

Daniel: What’s that?

Robert: You know Julia’s birthday is coming up soon?

Daniel: I know. 1)She’s the same sign as me. She’s a June baby.

Robert:: That’s right. This is her first birthday since se started dating and I’ve been thinking what I should give her.

Daniel: It has been almost three months, hasn’t it? Time does 2)     .

Robert: She’s a bit different from the other girls I’ve known. and, 3)in a way, that’s why I like her. But that’s also why I don’t know what might please her.

Daniel: Don’t tell me that you’re not sure what your girlfriend likes! you should know by now, after three months!

Robert: I know. But she has so many hobbies and interests. And she always keeps up with the latest news! She likes reading but when I tell her about a new book she might like, 4)she always seems to have a copy already. Also she’s a good writer. she won the first prize in a national short contest last year. I’m not confident that I can give her a book which will suit her literary taste.

Daniel: (Smiling) Yeah, yeah. If I were you, I would feel the same way. Also you can’t please her with flowers.

Robert: Exactly. 5)She prefer growing flowers to being given them. She gave me a beautiful bouquet of flowers she had grown for my birthday.

Daniel: Yellow roses, right? Were you impressed?

Robert: Well, of course. I was very flattered but also rather amazed.

Daniel: Hmmm.

Robert: 6)I’m more into rock music, but it’s not her cup of tea. She’s on the classical side. So 7)the idea of buying her a CD is out.

Daniel: Wait a minute. It might not be. Try some modern Argentine music.

Robert: Argentine music?

Daniel: She’s very interested in modern Argentine history and literature. Also she’s 8)keen on world music, at least she was three months ago.

Robert: But world music is not my thing …

Daniel: Hold on. How about the latest album of Juana Molina or Fernande Kabusacki? Ｉ know she has a couple of their CDs.

Robert: How do you know so much about Julia?

Daniel: Gosh! 9)I should have told you, shouldn’t I? Do you remember my telling you that I broke up with my girlfriend three months ago?

Robert: Yes. You were so down at the time. The girl left you, didn’t she?

Daniel: Well, that was Julia. I’m sorry, I just couldn’t tell you at the time. I was a bit shocked when you two started going out together, but 10)now I think it’s all for the best. She was great but too good for me, You know. 11)I couldn’t live up to her expectations.

Robert: 12)Well, perhaps in three month’ time I’ll be saying the same thing.

設問：

１．２）,8)を除く、下線部１）～１２）までを会話の雰囲気が伝わるように日本語にしてください。

２．下線部２）には、入るのに適当な一語を書きなさい。

3.  下線部８）について、同じような意味になるように文中の別の一語で言い換えてください。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 15

学士編入試験対策　一日一題　－－－　15　[制限時間20分]

次の英文を読み、下の問いに答えなさい。

A well-known difference between the human being and other organisms is that the human being knows it is going to die, and gives this event a significance.  This significance is an important moment within the human being’s individual and cultural self-understanding. (1)A look at Jewish tradition shows that the “last breath” was sometimes counted as being the moment of death, but it is also noted that the absence of spontaneous respiration does not in itself determine death. Western medicine concentrated on the heart: for a long time, the moment of death was defined as cardiac arrest. It is a characteristic of our culture that, with secularization and scientification, religion has increasingly been replaced by medicine as the authoritative body in matters of death. Amongst other things, (2)this medicalization of death gives rise to a remarkable dynamism of interpretation. The brain death definition is the last interpretation of death put forward by medical science. (3)The “brain death criteria” assume that a human being is “dead” when its entire brain has irreversibly ceased to function. This new definition of human death should be viewed with the progress which has been made within the field of intensive care in mind.

（１）        下線部（１）を日本語に直しなさい。

（２）        下線部（２）はどういう事態を意味しているのか、日本語で説明しなさい。

（３）        下線部（３）を日本語に直しなさい。

（４）        人間とその他の生物との違いについて著者はどのように述べているか、日本語で答えなさい。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 1２

学士編入試験対策　一日一題　－－－　12

次の英文を読んで、以下の問いに答えなさい。
Every woman in the world has had the following conversation with a male who is standing in front of an open fridge.
  David: Where's the butter?
  Jan: It's in the fridge.
  David: I'm looking there, but I can't see any butter.
  Jan: Well, it's there. I put it in ten minutes ago!
  David: No. You must have put it somewhere else. There's definitely no butter in this fridge!
At that, Jan strides into the kitchen, thrusts her arm into the fridge and, as if ( 1 ), produces a tub of butter. Inexperienced men sometimes feel that this is a trick and they accuse women of always hiding things from them in drawers and cupboards. Socks, shoes, underwear, jam, butter, car keys, wallets --- they're all there, they just can't see them. With her wider are of peripheral vision a woman can see most of the contents of a fridge or cupboard without moving her head. Her female hormones allow her to identify matching items in a drawer, cupboard or across a room and later remember objects in a complex random pattern - such as where the butter or jam is in the refrigerator. New research also suggests that male brains are searching in the fridge for the word B-U-T-T-E-R. If it's facing the wrong way, he virtually can't see it. This is why men move their heads. Men move their heads from side to side and up and down as they scan for the 'missing' objects.
   These differences in vision have important implications throughout our lives. Car insurance statistics, for instance, show female drivers are less likely to be hit from the side in an accident at an intersection than male drivers. Women's greater peripheral vision allows them to see traffic approaching from the side.
   A woman's life is much less stressful when she understands the problems men have seeing things at close range. When a woman tells a man, 'It's in the cupboard!', it is less stressful for him to believe her and continue the search.
   Wider peripheral vision is the reason why women rarely get caught staring at men. Almost every man has been accused at some time or other of staring at the opposite sex, but ( 2 ) women receive the same complaint from men. Sex researchers everywhere report that women look at men's bodies as much as, and sometimes more than, men look at women's. Yet women, with their superior peripheral vision, rarely get caught
   Researcher Edward Boring devised the following illustration to show how we each perceive different filings in the same picture.

    Women are more likely to see an old woman with her chin tucked into the collar of her fur coat but men are more likely to see the left-side profile of a young woman who is looking away. The picture of the table also shows that ( 3 ) you see is not necessarily what you get. Your brain is fooled into believing that the far side of the table is longer than the front side.  Women are usually amused by this, but men demand proof and grab a ruler to measure it.

     In the picture above, your brain focuses on the solid color so it looks like a group of odd shapes. When you change the way you look at it and concentrate on the white portions the word FLY will appear. A woman is more likely to see FLY than a man. as his brain gets stuck on the geometric shapes.

A. 空所（１）（２）（３）に入れるべきもっとも適切なものをそれぞれ選びなさい。
（１） a. by mistake     b. by magic   c. by chance  d. by effort
（２） a. a few         b. few        c. a little     d. little
（３） a. that           b. what       c. which    d. how

B.　下線部differences in visionについてここで上げられている例を出来るだけたくさん箇条書きにしてください。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 11

学士編入試験対策　一日一題　－－－　11

毎日、というのはちょっと厳しいので、週２～３回程度のペースで出題していこうと思います。なお、学部受験用のブログでは、ライティングをテーマにしています。基礎の確認に利用してください。

当方の受講者以外の方から、「解答はありませんか」という問い合わせがあります。「解答」はアップしません。解答は自分で作るもので、与えれるものではないからです。悪しからず。ただ、当方の指導をご希望で、体験指導にこれらの問題を利用していただいた場合は、指導のなかで解答の添削し、かつ解説を口頭でおこないます。

以下の英文を読んで下線部を日本語に訳しなさい。
Biotechnology has finally arrived. This statement expresses the long-standing excitement for biotech. (1)Supporters point to the past 30 years of biological discoveries, insights into the human genome, and novel chemical methods that have produced a wide range of drugs. But many believe that biotechnology has yet to mature, and that future advances will require a new type of scientist, a scientist with multiple skills and diverse training to tackle increasingly complicated problems. Universities across the world, eager to take advantage of biotech's popularity, have started major academic programs promoting collaboration and education of students in life sciences, physical sciences, and engineering. Research and education combining different fields have become a top priority.

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 10

一日一題　－－－　10

次の英文の下線部１）、２）、３）を和訳せよ。２）については、itが何を指すか明らかになるように訳すこと。
   The nature and function of medicine has gradually changed over the past century. 1）What was once a largely communicative activity aimed at looking after the sick has become a technical enterprise able to treat them with increasing success. While few would want to give up these technical advances and go back to the past, medicine's traditional caring functions have been left behind as the practices of curing have become more established, and 2)it is criticized now for losing the human touch that made it so helpful to patients even before it knew how to cure them.
   The issue looks simple: human communication versus technique. However, we all know that in medicine it is never easy to separate the two. Research on medical practice shows that a patient's physical condition is often affected by the quality of communication between the doctor and the patient, 3)Even such an elementary form of consideration for the patient as explaining the likely effects of a treatment can have an impact on the outcome. We are also aware that in the cases where medicine still does not offer effective cures the need for old-style care is particularly strong. Hence it is important to remember the communicative dimension of modern medicine.

これで１０題になりました。仕事が立て込んでいるので、週明けまでお休みします。その間、よく復習しておいてください。