難関大学を目指し、英文記事を読む！

コーヒー

普通のコーヒー党にはあまり意味がないように思いますが・・・。カフェインを気にしながらコーヒーを飲む人はコーヒー党と言えるのかどうか？

入試でコーヒーに関する英文はよく出題されています。
たとえば、
１．毎日何リットルもコーヒーを飲む人がこの「悪習」を断ち切ろうとする努力をあつかったもの[立命館2006]0202ritsumei_mon-1.pdfをダウンロード
２．歴史[甲南大学2005]やコーヒーショップ[静岡大学2001]に関するもの
３．コーヒーが成人病の予防に役立つ
今後、３の内容で出題されると思います

fake decafを見破る方法の「発見」ということですが・・・、読んでみてください。[email protected]で全文を読むことができます。

Llamas help to spot fake decaf
Health-conscious coffee drinkers offered reassuring test.(written by Michael Hopkin)

Nervous consumers who are addicted to the taste of coffee but desperate to cut down on their caffeine will welcome the development on offer from a team of US chemists: a molecule, extracted from llamas, that can easily detect caffeine in a hot or cold drink.

The molecule should be easily utilized, say the team, so that the reaction with caffeine triggers a simple colour-change on a dipstick. Then drinkers could check that their friendly barista really has given them the decaf they ordered.
[from a news report published online: 12 May 2006;by http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060508/full/060508-13.html]]

題名から
Llamas help to spot fake decaf

llama=a South American animal with thick hair, which looks like a small camel without a hump.
spot=detect
fake=false
decaf=decaffeinated coffee

Health-conscious coffee drinkers offered reassuring test.
health-conscious=健康を気にする
reassuring=comforting

[本文]
addict=なくてはいられない　＜中毒になっている
be desperate to (do)=したくてたまらない
the development on offer from＝から提出された新事実
molecule＝分子

utilize＝利用する、役立たせる
so that cf.Switch the light on so that we can see what it is. 何なのか見えるように明かりをつけなさい.
trigger=cause
dipstick=something like a home pregnancy test. cf. a metal rod with marks along one end. It is used to measure the amount of liquid in a container, especially the amount of oil in a car engine.
barista=coffee shop owner

温暖化に繁殖時期を合わせられない渡り鳥

文法・語法的な説明をいつも分析的に行うことは余りすすめませんが、時々はそういう視点から読んでみることも必要と思うので、今回はやってみたと思います。

文章全体は引用できないので、まず日本語の要約で概要をつかんでください。

================
生態 : 温暖化に繁殖時期を合わせられない渡り鳥

気候変動の影響で鳥の繁殖時期が餌の少ない時期にあたってしまい、個体数の減少が起きていることが今週号に報告されている。渡りを行うマダラヒタキ（Ficedula hypoleuca）での調査によると、餌になる側の生物種と捕食する側の鳥類種の間で、温暖化に対する適応度合いに差がある場合、鳥の個体数が大きく減少するのだという。

Ongoing climate change leaves a clear global fingerprint on ecosystems. Many organisms bring forward the timing of their seasonal activities, whether it be flowering in plants, budding of trees, emergence of insects or breeding in birds. Despite this general advancement, some species may not cope with climate change because their response differs from the response of organisms at lower levels of the food chain, leading to a mismatch between the timing of reproduction and the main food supply. This mistiming can have a clear effect on species population dynamics and ecosystem functioning. In general, we expect the populations that are most mistimed to decline most in number. Here we show how populations of a small passerine bird have declined as a consequence of climate change, because the phenology of their main food supply during breeding has advanced more than the birds' breeding date.

(Nature[Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird], 4 May 2006)

1.Ongoing climate change leaves a clear global fingerprint on ecosystems.
[分析]
S+V+O
[語句（*は必須）]
ongoing=inuing to exist or be operative etc.
fingerprint=a distinctive characteristic
*ecosystem=iological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment(生態系)

2.Many organisms bring forward the timing of their seasonal activities, whether it be flowering in plants, budding of trees, emergence of insects or breeding in birds.
[分析]
*whether it be flowering in plants,
仮定法現在ormayの省略
[語句（*は必須）]
*organism=ここでは「生物」
bring forward=繰り上げる;
timing=時間調整＞bring forward the timing時間調整をする。
bud=つぼみをつける
*emergence=The emergence of something is the process or event of its coming into existence.=出現(appearance)　cf.emergency=緊急事態＜急に出現すること。
*insect=An insect is a small animal that has six legs. Most insects have wings. Ants, flies, butterflies, and beetles are all insects.
*breed=bear, generate (offspring)

3.Despite this general advancement, some species may not cope with climate change because their response differs from the response of organisms at lower levels of the food chain, leading to a mismatch between the timing of reproduction and the main food supply.
[分析]
Despite=In spite of
,leading ...分詞構文（連続動作）
[語句（*は必須）]
*species=category in the system of classification of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
*cope with=～に対処する
*differ from=～と異なる
mismatch=bad match
*food chain=食物連鎖
*reproduction=生殖作用

４．This mistiming can have a clear effect on species population dynamics and ecosystem functioning.
[分析]
can可能性
[語句（*は必須）]
*have an effect on
*dynamics=力学

５．In general, we expect the populations that are most mistimed to decline most in number.
[分析]
expect + O + to do, O=the populations that are most mistimed
[語句（*は必須）]
In general=一般に, 概して

６．Here we show how populations of a small passerine bird have declined as a consequence of climate change, because the phenology of their main food supply during breeding has advanced more than the birds' breeding date.
＊この部分は日本語に直してみてください。文章構造的にはさほど難しくはありませんね。
[語句（*は必須）]
*consequence　>→as a c_nsequence (of…)＝in c_nsequence (of…)=(…の)結果として, (…の)ゆえに.
phenology= 生物季節学, 花暦学, フェノロジー

科学技術雑誌｢サイエンスウォーカー｣

文部科学省では、20代から30代の男女を対象とした新しい形態の科学技術雑誌｢サイエンスウォーカー｣を製作・配布（無料）。全文がPDFファイルで読めます。

これを雑誌Natureで短く紹介しています。
Japan tempts young lovers with science magazine
Japan's science ministry has unveiled its latest strategy to combat a declining interest in science among young people: a free magazine aimed at couples on hot dates.

Last week, the ministry issued 1.1 million copies of a 16-page pamphlet called Science Walker (pictured), which will be tucked into Tokyo Walker and distributed free at train stations and convenience stores.

The cover features a young couple, along with catchphrases such as "Science that couples can enjoy together". Topics for couples to discuss include the technology of a German football stadium, sports shoes with built-in sensors to check walking speed and ground condition, and science cafes where people can chat with leading scientists. Couples going out to dinner might enjoy stories about the high-tech freezing methods used to ensure that tuna at sushi restaurants is kept fresh and palatable.
......
(News in brief, 6 April 2006)

issueは、元都立日比谷高校教師だった森一郎さんがかつて出版した『試験に出る英単語』では、「問題」という訳語を覚えればよし、と「前書き」で書いていました。その際に旅行代理店の宣伝部の人の「投書」を引き合いに出しました、この人はissueは「発行する」という意味でいばしば使う、と言ってきたのです。
最近の版を確認してはいませんが、やはり「問題」だけではすまないのが現状でしょう。
Natureのこの記事ではまさに「発行する」という意味で使っています。
... the ministry issued 1.1 million copies of a 16-page pamphlet...

以下、代表的な意味を列挙しておきました。どれも入試でこれまで見かけた意味です。

1.The growing "fraud" problem is highlighted in the latest issue of Nature.
(something such as a magazine or newspaper is the version of it that is published)

2.A tinny voice issued from a speaker.
(go or come out)

3.Is it right for the Church to express a view on political issues?
(point in question; an important subject of debate or litigation)

4.Stamps are issued by the government.
(send forth; publish; put into circulation)