医学部を目指し、Natureなど科学・医学記事を英語で読む

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 9

一日一題　－－－　9

　次の英文の下線部（1）、（2）を和訳せよ。（1）については，itが何を指すか明らかになるように訳すこと。
   Indeed, in the year 1000 there was no concept of an antiseptic at all. If a piece of food fell off your plate, the advice of one contemporary document was to pick it up, make the sign of the cross over it, salt it well-and then eat it. The sign of the cross was, so to speak, the antiseptic of the year 1000. The person who dropped his food on the floor knew that he was taking some sort of risk when he picked it up and put it in his mouth, but he trusted in his faith. Today we have faith in modern medicine, though (1)few of us can claim much personal knowledge of how it actually works. (2)We also know that the ability to combat quite major illnesses can be affected by what we call " a positive state of mind " --- what the Middle Ages experienced as " faith ".

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 8

　一日一題　－－－　8

　Natureで読んだ要約記事の本論文を入手するために、著者に直接メールを送ることしにました。日本語の部分を英語に直してみましょう。

Dear Dr. Potter

I was very interested to read your article, “The Growing Inaccessibility of Science,” which appeared in Nature (Volume 448, Number 7155, pp.732-733). I seems to me, however, that 1.(この記事はより詳細な研究論文の要約という性格ものである). I would be most grateful to you, therefore, 2.(先生のオリジナルのご論文全文をお送りいただければ)。

Hoping that this will cause you too much trouble, 3.(ご都合のよろしいときにお返事をいただくことを心よりお持ちしております).

Thank you.

Sincerely yours,

Koichi Shioya [email protected]
Robagoya-juku Institute of English

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 7

一日一題　---　７
先日の岡山大学の学士編入試験からの抜粋です。第二段落の下線部とBox1のEssential criteriaを日本語に訳してみてください。

   Euthanasia for newborn babies with lethal and disabling conditions is illegal worldwide. However, in reality its acceptance and practice vary between different countries. In the Netherlands, about 200 000 live births occur annually; of these, 10-20 babies—- mostly with severe congenital malformations—- are thought to be actively killed, yet between 1997 and 2004 only 22 such deaths were reported to the authorities.
   To regulate neonatal euthanasia, clinicians in the Netherlands have argued that all cases should be reported. In collaboration with lawyers, they have developed and subsequently published guidance, which defines criteria that must be fulfilled before euthanasia can be considered and which would subsequently be examined by the statutory legal authorities (see box 1). Doctors who follow this guidance are not guaranteed freedom from prosecution, but to date no paediatrician in the Netherlands has been prosecuted.

Box１: Essential criteria to be considered in neonatal euthanasia
*The diagnosis must be accurate and the prognosis hopeless
*The baby’s quality of life must be poor and he or she must be experiencing unbearable suffering despite optimal treatment
*Both parents must give informed consent
*An independent doctor must agree with the decision
*Euthanasia must be carried out to an accepted medical standard

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 4

  I love to nap. When after-lunch grogginess hits and my eyelids start to droop, nothing makes me happier than finding a comfortable spot and drifting off to sleep for half an hour. But to my wife, my napping is the sign of a basic character flaw. "You're napping again? I can't believe how lazy you are!"
   It's a misguided attitude. １）As a species, we seem designed to nap. Sleep researchers have long known that our natural circadian rhythms* show two distinct dips* in energy and alertness. The major dip starts in the late evening, helping us get ready for a good night's sleep. But there's another significant dip in the early afternoon that, in a saner world, would have us all dropping off. From an evolutionary point of view, this pattern makes some sense - our ancestors evolved in the tropics, where a desire to sleep during the hottest part of the day probably helped ensure survival.
   Sleep researcher Claudio Stampi, founder of the Chronobiology Research Institute in Boston, thinks the tendency to nap might have an even deeper meaning. It could be the remnant of ancient (2)"polyphasic sleep" - a sleep pattern with no long nighttime sleep but lots of short naps throughout the day and night. Many animals sleep this way, as well as newborn babies. If Stampi is right, there was a time when our pre-human ancestors slept only in naps. Still, by the time we were fully human, about 100.000 years ago. we had probably settled into getting our sleep in two major chunks: the big one at night, with a smaller chunk during the day. Modern hunter gatherers, whose lifestyle is closest to that of early humans, tend to be big on afternoon snoozing.
[語句ノート]　circadian rhythms*24時間周期リズム　 dips*低下

１．下線部(1)を日本語に直しなさい

２．下線部(2)"polyphasic sleep" はどんな「眠り」か、文に即して説明しない。

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 3

今年の旭川医大の出題英文からの抜粋です。下線部のcompassionについて、文に即して説明してください。

So, much of the compassion of the West is what some Buddhists call idiot compassion. This is compassion that sees the evil afflicting others as something distinct from the everyday situation of the person feeling compassion. It is a form of degenerate compassion and perhaps more accurately described as pity. Pity is a self-regarding feeling, where the objects or pity are viewed from the secure vantage point of the pitier. The pitier gives some aｌms* or watches a Live Aid concert on the television. The truly compassionate have the desire lo change the situation - compassion is an intentional state. We cannot have compassion without the desire to alleviate* the suffering.

afflict―vt. ひどく苦しめる、悩ます
distinct―adj. はっきりと識別［区別］できる、異なった、
degenerate ―adj.  悪化した、堕落した、退化した
self-regard―n. 自愛
vantage―n.1 見晴らしの良い地点、有利、優越、優勢な地位、利益
alms―n. 〈古〉施し物
intentional―adj. 意図的な、故意による、計画的な◆
alleviate―vt. ～を軽減する、和らげる、緩和する、楽にする

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ 2

今日は、グラフの説明の仕方です。まずは穴埋め問題から。

(A) Look at the graph and read the paragraphs below it about the unemployment rate in Japan. Fill in the blank spaces (1)-(5) with the most appropriate words from the list (A)-(J) on the next page. Write the correct letters on your answer sheet. No word should be used more than once.

Unemployment Rate in Japan

 

(source: Web Japan Gateway for All Japanese Information at http://web-japan.org/stat/index.html)

   The graph indicates that from the early 1990s, it became more and more difficult for people to find jobs in Japan. Unemployment was at its ( 1 ) in 1990 and 1991: around 2.1 percent. Since then, however, it rose ( 2 ). In fact, the unemployment rate in 2002 was more than double that of 1990.
   Unemployment may have begun ( 3 ) as a direct result of Japan's economic bubble bursting nearly fifteen years ago. In addition, these days many young people want to have more free time and are not interested in looking for jobs. In 2003, the economy in Japan seemed to be getting better, so perhaps that is why the unemployment rate dropped. However, some people ( 4 ) that if the economy does not continue to ( 5 ),by the year 2010 more than 10 percent of the Japanese population could be out of work.

(A) highest   (B) lowest   (C) get worse  (D) believe (E) rising    (F) considerably
(G) improve   (H) hope (I) occasionally (J) falling

学士編入試験対策 一日一題 －－－ １

どこの大学の学士編入試験を想定しているわけではありませんが、受講生の勉強の休憩時間の力試し、という意図で一日一題のペースで、英文、英作文問題をアップしてゆきます。

8月22日課題

（A）As researchers have explored the environmental and inherited causes of common diseases, they have often amassed clinical and laboratory data collected from people with common complex disorders. Many have also collected biologic material, including DNA. These resources represent an essential component for ferreting out genes relevant to disease with the use of the genome-wide association study. This method entails the matching of a given human genome sequence with an annotated, high-resolution map of common genetic variation; it benefits from a large collection of DNA samples obtained from a population whose clinical characteristics are well defined, as well as cost-effective genotyping and sophisticated statistical analysis. With all these components now in place, genome-wide association studies are contributing to our understanding of diseases to which there is a genetic predisposition. （B）Early successes include the identification of genes associated with age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, and abnormal cardiac repolarization intervals. A more recent success is the identification of four loci associated with type 2 diabetes; one of these loci contains a gene (TCF7L2) that had been previously implicated in this disease, and a second locus includes the SLC30A8 gene that is expressed only in insulin-producing beta cells.¹ 

amass―蓄える、蓄積する、寄せ集める、収集する

ferret out―2 （事実などを）探し出す

entail― ～を伴う、必要とする、引

population―n. 3 母集団4

cost-effective―adj. 費用効率が高い、費用に対し最も効率の良い、費用効果がある、費用効果的な、コスト効率の良い、割りのいい、割りがいい、割が良い

genotype―n. 遺伝子型―vt. 遺伝子型を特定する

genome-wide全ゲノムの

predisposition―n. 傾向、性質、たち、素因

macular degeneration黄斑変性（症）m

myocardial infarction心筋梗塞〔症〕

abnormal cardiac異常な心

repolarization(n)再分極【基医】　

abnormal cardiac repolarization intervals　異常な心再分極間隔

loci <  locus(n)位置；遺伝子座；座；座位；部位【基医；物理】_

implicate―関係させる、加担させる、関係していると見なす

1.下線部（A）を日本語に訳しなさい。

２．下線部（B）Early successesを日本語で説明しないさい。

島根・新潟対策ライティング---２

続きです。１９が日本語の部分を英訳する問題。

16.      彼の最高血圧(systolic blood pressure)は普通130で、コレステロール値(cholesterol level)は１５０から２００の間である。

17.       医師は彼女に体重を減らし血圧を少なくても１４０まで下げ、コレステロール値を２４０から１７０のレベルにまで下げるために何かするように務めなさいと警告した。

18.       彼は極端に太りすぎであるが、それを何とかしようという努力をまったくしていない。

19. In many cases, the causes of hypertension are not known. Yet certain risk factors have been linked to its cause.  The following risk factors cannot be changed.

Genetic traits: 高血圧の家計の人は、高血圧になる危険性が高い。

Age:　高血圧の危険性は年齢とともに高くなる。

Race:　55歳から64歳の白人アメリカ人で高血圧の人は２５％であるに対し、同じ年齢の黒人の半数近くは高血圧である。

Sex:　一般的に、男性の方が女性よりも若いうちに血圧が高くなる危険性が大きい。

20.　近年、この病気はApo－E4と呼ばれる遺伝子の存在に関係していることを研究者たちはつきとめたが、この遺伝子が必ずしもアルツハイマー病の発病の引き金になるわけではない。

指導サンプル

6月25日の長崎大学医学部学士入試の出題英文のもと記事を使って、基礎力チェックをしてみましょう。まず、音読してください。[「黙読」の場合も頭の中で音をだす]　下線部はあまり意識せずに読んで概略を読み取ってください。

Our analyses of orangutans suggest that not only does culture---social learning of special skills---promote intelligence, it favors the evolution of greater and greater intelligence in a population over time. Different species vary greatly in the mechanisms that enable them to learn from others, but formal experiments confirm the strong impression one gets from observing great apes in the wild: they are capable of learning by watching what others do. Thus, when a wild orangutan, or an African great ape for that matter, pulls off a cognitively complex behavior, it has acquired the ability through a mix of observational learning and individual practice, much as a human child has garnered his or her skills. And when an orangutan in Suaq has acquired more of these tricks than its less fortunate cousins elsewhere, it has done so because it had greater opportunities for social learning throughout its life. In brief, social learning may bootstrap an animal’s intellectual performance onto a higher plane.

何分かかりましたか？　普通に読むと1分ちょっとです。

どんな内容か読みとれましたか？

聞いてみましょう。

nakasaki-1s.wmaをダウンロード

では、次に下線部について考えてください。僕が音声で質問します。

nagasaki-s.wmaをダウンロード

医学部学士入学試験直前指導開始！

5月より、学士試験直前指導を始めます。すでに当スクールに参加されている受講者の受験大学を核に指導体制を組みます。補講も併用して徹底した指導を行います。当スクールではどのクラスも小手先の「テクニック」できりぬけるような指導はおこないません。「まずは実力をつける」という原則をどの場合もかわりません。なお、新規の参加も歓迎ですが、直前指導が可能かどうかを事前に判断させていただきます。

想定している大学

旭川医科大学 6/17(学科一次)
大分大学 6/20（書類選考後二次学科）
山口大学6/23(学科一次)
鹿児島大学 6/23(学科一次)
長崎大学 6/26(学科一次)
弘前大学  6/25 (学科一次)

その他、秋口からの群馬大、新潟大なども対応準備中です。