高校生英語学習情報

英文を読むための基礎知識--- 3

[その３]
   By the 1600s, coffee drinking had spread through most of Europe. In 1652 the first coffeehouse was opened in England. It was through English coffeehouses that tipping became popular. Those desiring adequate service would toss extra coins into a cup placed by a sign saying: "To Insure Prompt Service." In a few years, more coffeehouses were built in England raising the total number to well over 300. This　phenomenon was observed in other European countries and cities as well. Much like those on the Arabian Peninsula, European coffeehouses became centers of social activity. They attracted a variety of customers from artists to merchants.
   By the mid-seventeenth century the knowledge of coffee had spread to the New World. There has been some dispute as to whether coffee first came to Canada or to the United States. The majority of evidence suggests that John Smith, the captain of a British ship, introduced this bitter beverage to the New World in the early 1600s. Because the colonists resisted the heavy tea taxes imposed by Britain, coffee drinking became more popular than tea among Americans.

◎It was through English coffeehouses that tipping became popular.
強調構文

◎Those desiring adequate service would toss
このwouldはこの文章ではどんな役割をしているでしょうか。

◎To Insure Prompt Serviceについて。どんなことですか。

◎以下の前置詞の意味の違いを説明しなさい。
In a few years,
By the mid-seventeenth century
in the early 1600s

◎以下のas toはどんな意味ですか。
as to whether coffee first came to Canada or to the United States

英文を読むための基礎知識--- 2

2回目です。[その１]を読み直してから以下を読んでください。
[その２]
   Some claim that, coffee became popular among Arabs because of their religion. Since the Muslim religion forbids its followers to drink alcohol, the Muslims of Arab countries were drawn to coffee. The energizing effect of this beverage was similar to drinking a moderate amount of alcohol. But since coffee did not contain liquor, it was an acceptable drink for Muslims and became popular. In fact, coffee is known as the wine of the Arabs.
   It was around 1100 when special buildings were constructed to serve this dark beverage. These public coffeehouses began to appear in various cities all over the Arabian Peninsula. They developed into entertainment centers. People came to coffeehouses to keep up with important news, engage in lively conversation, listen to music, play games, and watch dancers. The coffeehouses also gained a positive reputation among traders, travelers, and those who made holy pilgrimages.

◎動詞＋目的語＋to不定詞
Since the Muslim religion forbids its followers to drink alcohol,
forbidの語法
この語法は、中学で学習したtell、want、askと同じ。[その１]のallowもこの形をとる。ただし、
The Muslim religion forbids drinking alcohol to its followers.
のように直接目的語の場合は動名詞がくる。

◎It was ... when(that)強調構文
It was around 1100 when special buildings were constructed to serve this dark beverage.
'around 1100'を強調する文。「時をあらわす副詞（句）」を強調する場合はwhenも使う。(ただし、Itを「時」を表す非人称のitととらえ、when以下を時を表す副詞節、とする人もいる)

◎自動詞develop[into,from]
They developed into entertainment centers.
単純に「なる」ということだが、もちろん「発展」「進化」という意味合いがある。「大学受験対策ブログ」でも触れているが、「発病する」の意味があり、自動詞でも
Symptoms of cancer developed. 癌の症状が現われた.
このような点からも「単語集」で単語と「意味（和訳）」を覚えたのでは対応しきれないことが分かります。「単語集」で単語を覚えされる学校、塾、予備校はまともに英語を教える能力がないので「単語テスト」を課して、ごまかしているだけなのです。苦労ばかりで実りどころが、弊害ばかりに悩まされることになる学習なので、そんな馬鹿げた学習にならないように気をつけてください。

◎～，～,～,～and～
to keep up with important news, engage in lively conversation, listen to music, play games, and watch dancers.
A, B, C, D and E
こういうandの使い方を覚えておいてください。
なお、keep up [with] important news
の朱筆部分は必須。

◎どういう人たちでしょう？
those who made holy pilgrimages